When I look at the New York City landscape around me I notice how much of it is covered with cement. It wasn’t always this way. Even now bustling Manhattan used to be rural. It makes me wonder, how has urbanization over the past century changed our environment?
Wouldn’t it be nice if we could go back fifty or a hundred years and scientifically compare their environment to ours now?
It ends up we can do just that.
Well, not exactly. Time travel has not been invented (yet!), but scientists do have a way of preserving pieces of the past for future study. Museums and scientific institutions around the world like the Smithsonian, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Natural History Museum, London, have been collecting specimens of fish, birds, invertebrates, reptiles and amphibians, and mammals for many years. These collections document biodiversity over time and across the globe.
Having these collections is a great asset to science. Let’s say a scientist wants to know how urbanization is effecting different species. The scientist could look at specimens of many different species collected from an area that was once rural but is now urbanized and examine any changes in the specimens and populations they were collected from. Maybe this scientist decides to focus how urbanization has effected one particular species. Then s/he could look a specimens of this species from different areas, and compare populations of this species over both space and time.
Once we know how urbanization has effected a species, we can use this data to predict how further development will continue to effect it in the future. Knowing what happened in the past can help people realize what needs to change if we want to maintain a healthy environment. We can use this information to develop good environmental policies and policies for conservation.
It’s pretty cool that museum collections can be used to study environmental health, but that’s not the only way collections are used. Here are a few more ways we can use species collections:
o To study evolution. Maybe during urbanization, one population of a particular species became isolated. Using specimens collected from the original population and the isolated one, researchers can see if the populations change enough to be considered different species or different subspecies.
o To study genetics. DNA can be obtained from tissue samples and from the skins of specimens, as long as they weren’t preserved in formalin. Today we can obtain DNA from specimens collected when people barely even knew what DNA was! Who knows what information old collections will provide scientists in the future.
o To study disease, contaminates and parasites and how they effect a species.
o To identify unknown species using DNA or morphology.
o To study the diet of a species and how it changes.
The interesting thing about collections is that they are always being used in new ways. Early collectors probably had no idea the specimens they collected would be used to study the effects of urbanization. Not too long ago no one thought we would be using DNA from specimens for science, but now that is common practice. Future scientists will probably use specimens we collect today in ways on one could dream of now.
